Background: Breast cancer is the most common malignant neoplasm in women, accounting for 25% of all cancers. Radiotherapy is one of the safest methods compared with other treatments.Methods: In this study, 8 patients with left breast cancer underwent the radiation therapy. After simulating the tomographic data of breast cancer patients, treatment planning was performed in the treatment planning system, and then the clinical target volume and the planned target volume were determined.Results: The mean CI (1.162 ± 0.011) in Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy (IMRT) was significantly lower than CI (1.173 ± 0.28) in Volumetric Arc Radiation Therapy (VMAT) (P ≤ 0.02), indicates that IMRT technique had lower CI which means better dose conformity within the PTV. Also, the mean HI (0.696 ± 0.333) in VMAT was significant compared to IMRT, the mean HI (0.558 ± 0.288) (P ≤ 0.04), the results on better PTV dose distribution by using VMAT technique. Planning target volume (PTV) was consistent with indicators and PTV coverage value (97.563 ± 1.471) in IMRT and (96.677 ± 1.018) in VMAT, means that the PTV coverage was better by using IMRT technique rather than VMAT. The mean dose to left breast was (42.118 ± 0464) prescribed dose. Ref. vol. CC, D2%, and D98% were received (736.898 ± 235.140), (4618.931 ± 107.658), and (3765.475 ± 71.195), respectively.Conclusion: IMRT method is one of the new cancer treatment techniques that in comparison with other methods by accurately targeting cancer cells and tumors, it has the least impact on healthy tissues and reduces the side effects as much as possible.

Two different configurations have been considered for the optimal design of radiated electric field pattern characteristics of antenna arrays. Time-modulated concentric circular antenna array (TMCCAA) and time-modulated half symmetric circular antenna array (TMHSCAA) have been dealt with for the comparative analysis of control parameters of the radiation properties of the antenna array. Collective animal behaviour (CAB), an evolutionary approach, is applied as the optimisation tool. The effect of different control parameters of the radiation pattern of TMCCAA is compared by taking two different cases. In the first case, i. e., Case-1, only one parameter (switching time sequence) is used as the control parameter for the optimisation of the radiated electric field pattern of TMCCAA. In the second case, i. e., for Case-2, three control parameters, switching ON-OFF time of each ring, inter-element spacing, and ring radii are optimised. In the second array, the effect of different control parameters of the radiation pattern of Time-Modulated Half Symmetric Circular Antenna Array (TMHSCAA) is compared by taking two different cases. Simulation results obtained for 20-elements TMHSCAA with uniform amplitude and spacing are analysed. Optimized SLL values obtained for the Case-1 and Case-2 of TMCCAA are-24. 68 dB and-46. 15 dB, respectively.

In recent few years fractals have been employed in conjunction with antennas to develop new applications. In this work, novel fractal geometry is introduced as a miniaturized microstrip patch antenna. Compared to a square patch antenna, the antenna shows an improvement of 68% size reduction. Furthermore, by applying of a new feeding method, refereed to here as the sleeve feeding, up to 27% impedance bandwidth is achieved as shown in the experiments.

Background: The commissioning accuracy of Volumetric Modulated Arc Therapy (VMAT) need to be evaluated. Objective: To test and evaluate commissioning accuracy of VMAT based on the TG 119 protocols at local institution. Material and Methods: The phantom, structure sets, VMAT and IMRT beam parameter setup, dose prescriptions and planning objectives were following TG 119 guidelines to create local treatment plans of VMAT and IMRT. The local planning results were compared with the results of TG 119. Point measurement at high and low dose regions were measured using three ionization chambers with different active volumes (CC01, CC13, FC65G). The composite dose was measured by a 2D detector array and analyzed for the percentage of points passing the gamma criteria of 3 % dose difference (DD) and 3 mm distance-to-agreement (DTA) and 2 % DD and 2 mm DTA. Results: The local treatment plans of VMAT and IMRT capable to meet the dose goals criteria set by TG 119 except for C-shape hard. Three ionization chambers with various active volumes for point measurement showed an increase in the confidence limit (CL), the larger the active volume was found proportional to increase the value of CL. The results obtained from ion chambers CC01 and CC13 could met the dose criteria set by TG 119, but results obtained from ion chamber FC65G fail the criteria. All gamma evaluation results show more than 95% data points pass the criteria of 3% DD and 3 mm DTA and the gamma index CL results fall within the TG 119 criteria, which is below 12. 4. Conclusion: TG 119 methodology and recommendations have successfully been used to evaluate commissioning accuracy of VMAT. The CL value of the study could be used as a reference and recommendation to evaluate the accuracy and integrity of treatment planning and treatment delivery systems of VMAT and IMRT.